Slave Dynasty : Delhi Sultanate

 SLAVE DYNASTY

The original meaning of the word SULTAN is SLAVE. So Qutubuddin named his dynasty “Slave Dynasty”.

Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)

• 1.     Qutubuddin Aibak [1206-1210]:-  
• He was the governor of Mohammad Ghori’s possession in India.
• After the death of Mu'izz ad-Din's Mohammad Ghori, Qutubuddin established Slave/ Mamluk Dynasty on 1206 & he started to rule the Lahore Part independently. 
• Before being a soldier, Qutubuddin was a slave of Quazi at Nishapur in persia.
• Qutubuddin learnt the Horse riding and Archery there and then resold to the Mohammad Ghori as a Slave.
• After the victory of Ghurid against Khwarizmian, Qutubuddin became the favourite person of Mohammad Ghori.
• After the Ghurid victory in second Battle of Tarrain in 1192, Mohammad Ghori made Qutubuddin as in-charge of his Indian terettories.
• Qutubuddin set up his Capital to the Lahore and expand his empire in northern India.
• Aibak fought with the another Slave In charge Taj Al-Din Yildiz for control in north western India. 
• Historians gave Qutubuddin a Title “Aibak Lakh Baksh (daanveer)”.
•  Qutubuddin started the construction “Qutub Minar” on the honor of a Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyaar. He died in a horse riding accident.

• 2.     Shams ud-Din Iltutmish [1211- 1236 AD]:- 
• Iltutmish was a Slave in Bukhara and Ghazni under multiple masters. Aibak purchased him in Delhi. He was granted the important iqta ( subhedari) of Badaun. Aibak made him the governor of Eastern India and the capital was Lakhnauti.
• He was Son-in-law and slave of Q. Aibak.
•  He defeated Aaram Baksh who was Son of Aibak, and succeeded the throne in 1211. 
• “He shifted the Capital of Empire from Lahore to Delhi”. Genghij Khan invaded into the khwarizmi Empire, the ruler of Khwarizmi empire Jalal ad-din Mingburnu came to Iltutmish for help, But Iltutmish refused to help him. 
• Iltutmish suppressed the rebellion in Bengal, captured Gwalior and attacked the Parmaras. His officers also attacked Chandelas and plundered in kalinjar Area.
• He completed the construction of Qutub minar. He was a Sunni Muslim.
• He started Silver Tanka as the standard coins and it lasts for long time. 
• He established a new elite group of Noble Chief named as “The Fourty (Chalisgani)”.
• Note : After the death of Mahmud Ghaznavi ,his empire divided into two parts namely Khwarizmid Empire and Ghurid (Ghori) Empire.

• 3.     Raziyaa Sultan [1236-1240]:- 
• The full name of Raziya Sultan was Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-din.
• She was the first and last female ruler of Delhi Sultanate.
• Turkan Khatun was the mother of Raziya.
• Raziyaa was the eldest daughter of Iltutmish.
• Iltutmish wanted Nasiruddin Mahmud to be his successor but he died unexpectedly in 1229.
• Raziya was administrating the Delhi during 1231-1232 when her father Iltutmish was busy in Gwalior Campaign.
• Iltutmish impressed by her performance and nominated his daughter Raziyaa as next Sultan. 
• But the Wazir and other nobles refuse to accept Raziyaa as next Sultan.
•  And then they made Rakhnuddin Feroz as Sultan in 1236 AD who was son of Iltutmish.
• Shah Turkan was the mother of Rakhnuddin Feroz. 
• Rakhnuddin Feroz was the half brother of Raziya.
• When Rakhnuddin Feroz went to Multan and Lahore part to stop the rebellion, Raziyaa took that as an opportunity and she became the Sultan again by the support of Aamir and other commander chiefs.
•  But the forty never supports her.
•  The ruler of Punjab Ikhtiyaruddin Altuniya started revolting, and then Raziyaa went to suppress him. But Yakuth Khan who was the master of royal horses appointed by Raziyaa killed in Delhi by Raziya’s opponents and Raziyaa became the prisoner of Altuniya.
•  Then Raziyaa married with Ikhtiyaruddin Altuniyaa and tried to regain the throne. But they defeated by her brothers and then they both were killed by a tribe. 

• 4.     While Raziyaa was imprisoned in Bhatinda by Altuniya, Muizuddin Bahram declared himselves as next Sultan of Delhi and ruled in 1240 by the support of ‘the fourty’. The Fourty became the most powerful containder for Supremacy of Empire.
• After  two years, the noble chiefs started fighting with each other and in this period Bahram was murdered by his own Army in 1242.
• After the death of Bahram, he was succeded by his nephew Ala ud din Mansud, son of his half brother Rakhnuddin Firuz.
• Mansud was a puppet ruler for the noble chiefs. When he tried to increase his power and influence, nobles replaced him with his cousin Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1246.  Mahmud had no children to be his heir.
• He died in 1266 and succeded by balban.

• 5.     Ghiyasuddin Balban & Family [1266-1287]:- 
• Balban was a noble of the Fourty. 
• The fourty revolted against Balban. So, Ghiyasuddin Balban decreases the powers of the Fourty to suppress them. 
• He never shares their power with any Noble also they appointed some Spies.
•  Ghiyasuddin appointed “Kaiqubat” as next Sultan who was grandson of Ghiyasuddin.
•  So, after the death of Ghiyasuddin Kaiqubat ruled Delhi but the Khilji Tribe attacked Delhi and they started to rule Delhi.